In the 12th century, the Church of Europe was not only faced with enemies from the outside, more and more people questioned the doctrines of the church or adopted other faiths. In order to stop and eradicate this disintegration of the European order, Pope Innocent III. in 1209 for a crusade against the Cathars living...
With the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 and the founding of many small states such as the Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa or the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Christian crusaders were at the height of their power in the Middle East in the late 11th and early 12th centuries.
However, it soon became clear...
In the 7th and 8th century, an Islamic empire was established on the territory of what is now the Middle East, North Africa, the Spanish Peninsula and Afghanistan.
But by the end of the 9th century, this empire began to crumble. In particular, the ongoing conflict between Sunnis and Shiites shook the empire, and the emergence...
